Physiological processes lead to anatomical changes in the body. This approach allows research studies to reduce the sample size needed while increasing the statistical quality of its results. It allows repeated investigations into the same subjects over time, where subjects can act as their own control and substantially reduces the numbers of animals required for a given study. PET is also used in pre-clinical studies using animals. PET is a valuable research tool to learn and enhance our knowledge of the normal human brain, heart function, and support drug development. It is used heavily in the imaging of tumors and the search for metastases within the field of clinical oncology, and for the clinical diagnosis of certain diffuse brain diseases such as those causing various types of dementias. PET is both a medical and research tool used in pre-clinical and clinical settings. One of the disadvantages of a PET scanner is its high initial cost and ongoing operating costs. PET scan images can be reconstructed using a CT scan performed using one scanner during the same session. PET scanners can incorporate a CT scanner and are known as PET-CT scanners. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to form a three-dimensional image, in a similar way that an X-ray image is captured. When the radiopharmaceutical undergoes beta plus decay, a positron is emitted, and when the positron interacts with an ordinary electron, the two particles annihilate and gamma rays are emitted. A radiopharmaceutical - a radioisotope attached to a drug - is injected into the body as a tracer. PET is a common imaging technique, a medical scintillography technique used in nuclear medicine.
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